Dehnübungen nach Kniebeugen
Während isotonisches Krafttraining (Muskelarbeit mit Bewegung) neben der Kraft auch die Dehnfähigkeit der Muskeln steigert, wirken isometrische Kontraktionen (Anspannung ohne Bewegung) lediglich kraftsteigernd, machen aber nicht beweglicher.
Untersucht man nun die Hantelkniebeuge auf isotonische und isometrische Anteile, finden sich isotonische Kontraktionen in Gesäß- und Beinmuskeln; die Rückenstrecker (Erector-Muskeln) werden jedoch vorwiegend isometrisch angespannt, denn bei der Auf- und Abbewegung wird die Wirbelsäulenhaltung kaum verändert. So bewirkt die Hantelkniebeuge zwar eine enorme Kraftsteigerung der Rückenmuskulatur, kann aber nicht die Elastizität der Wirbelsäule verbessern.
Dieses Manko lässt sich ausgleichen, indem man nach dem Krafttraining durch stehendes oder sitzendes Vornüberbeugen mit Fuß-spitzenberührung die Rückenstrecker dehnt. Speziell für Karatekas birgt dies einen weiteren Vorteil: Beim Vornüberbeugen mit geraden Beinen werden nicht nur die Rückenstrecker, sondern auch die Muskeln und Sehnen an der Rückseite der Beine (Beinbizeps, Kniesehnen) gestreckt, wodurch die Beinbeweglichkeit für den „Mae Geri” gesteigert wird. (Über Streckübungen am Beinmuskeltisch siehe „Besondere Maßnahmen”.)
Alle Dehnübungen werden nicht schnell, sondern gemächlich ausgeführt. Schnelle Muskeldehnung löst nämlich einen Kontraktionsreflex aus, der die Bewegung zurückfedern lässt und eine anhaltende Dehnung verhindert. Um ihn zu „überlisten”, muss der Körper betont l-a-n-g-s-a-m bewegt werden. (Kontraktionsreflexe durch sog. Vordehnung können auch eine positive Wirkung haben, wenn sie z. B. beim Ausholen eines Diskus- oder Speerwurfarmes zusätzliche Muskelzellen derselben Kontraktionskette einschalten; dabei geht es jedoch um eine Erhöhung der Muskelspannung, während bei Dehnübungen eine Verringerung angestrebt wird. Hier liegt übrigens auch der Grund, warum beim Bankdrücken das Gewicht nach dem Herunterlassen leichter wieder hochzudrücken ist, als wenn die erste Wiederholung auf der Brust anfängt.)
Nachdem soviel über den Wert verbesserter Zirkulation für die Muskeler-holung gesagt wurde, stellt sich die Frage, ob man die in Verbindung mit Krafttraining auftretende extreme Blutfülle in den Muskeln nicht irgendwie umgehen kann, um ihre durchflußhemmende Wirkung von vornherein auszuschließen. In der Tat ist dies mit bestimmten Trainingstechniken möglich (IRON MAN-Leser werden sich an das „PHA”-System von Bob Gajda erinnern); aber es ist nicht wünschenswert. Durch das Muskelauf-pumpen wird nämlich nicht nur das bereits vorhandene Adergeflecht geweitet (für Bodybuilder: Dickere Adern tragen zur Vergrößerung des Muskelumfanges bei), sondern der Organismus veranlasst, zusätzlich neue, haarfeine Äderchen („Kapillaren”) zu bilden. Diese sog. Kapillari-sierung ermöglicht eine bessere Versorgung mit Energie- und Aufbau-stoffen, so dass die Muskeln bei Belastungen leistungsfähiger sind und in den Überkompensationsphasen einen verstärkten Substanzzuwachs erfahren. Es ist also durchaus vorteilhaft, die Muskeln vorübergehend mit Blut aufzupumpen.
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